​Introduction

Divorce can be a challenging and emotionally draining process. In addition to the emotional turmoil, there are practical and financial matters to consider, including spousal maintenance. Spousal maintenance, also known as alimony, is the financial support one spouse provides to the other following a divorce. In South Africa, the laws regarding spousal maintenance are complex and require careful consideration. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the key aspects of spousal maintenance in South Africa, including factors considered in awarding maintenance, recommended maintenance clauses, documents needed to prove a claim for maintenance, and the impact of cohabitation on spousal maintenance obligations.

Spousal Maintenance in a Divorce Order

In a divorce order, a court may order one party to pay spousal maintenance to the other for a specified period of time or for an indeterminate period until the recipient spouse's death or remarriage. Rehabilitative maintenance is a type of spousal maintenance that operates for a limited and specified period, aiming to assist the recipient spouse in becoming financially independent. Once the specified period comes to an end, no further maintenance can be claimed. The duration of the marriage, the standard of living enjoyed by the parties prior to the divorce, and the existing and prospective means of each party are factors considered in determining the duration and amount of spousal maintenance.

Factors Considered in Awarding Maintenance

When determining spousal maintenance, the court takes into account several factors, including the existing and prospective means of each party, their earning capacities, financial needs and obligations, and the duration of the marriage. The standard of living enjoyed by the parties before the divorce, the conduct of either party leading up to the divorce, and any transfer of assets to be made in terms of a redistribution order are also considered. Additionally, the court may consider any other factor it deems relevant to the case. It is important to note that the court has discretionary power when it comes to awarding spousal maintenance, and each case is evaluated on its individual merits.

Recommended Maintenance Clauses

To ensure clarity and avoid future disputes, it is recommended to include specific maintenance clauses in the divorce order. One common clause is to provide for a specified percentage increase or an increase according to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) annually on the date of the divorce. This helps to prevent disputes regarding the amount of maintenance over time. Another important clause is the inclusion of a maintenance order for a nominal amount, such as R1.00 per month, without an annual increase. This allows the recipient spouse to approach a maintenance court in the future if their circumstances change and they require additional maintenance.

Documents Needed to Prove a Claim for Maintenance

When making a claim for spousal maintenance, it is essential to gather the necessary documents to support your case. These documents include a schedule of your monthly income and expenditure, documentary proof of all income received and expenses incurred, a schedule of your assets and liabilities reflecting their current values, and documentary proof of the value of your assets and outstanding liabilities. It is also helpful to gather any evidence you may have of your spouse's income, expenditure, and assets.

Impact of Cohabitation on Spousal Maintenance Obligations

One common question that arises in spousal maintenance cases is the impact of cohabitation on the obligation to pay maintenance. In South Africa, the court may terminate the obligation to pay spousal maintenance if the recipient spouse enters into a cohabitation arrangement with a new partner. The specific terms of the divorce settlement agreement and the nature of the cohabitation relationship are crucial factors in determining whether the maintenance obligation should be terminated. Factors such as living under the same roof, establishing and maintaining a joint household, and contributing financially to the recipient spouse's expenses are considered by the court in determining the existence of a cohabitation arrangement.

Conclusion

Spousal maintenance is an important aspect of divorce proceedings in South Africa. Understanding the factors considered in awarding maintenance, recommended maintenance clauses, and the impact of cohabitation on maintenance obligations can help navigate the complexities of spousal maintenance cases. It is crucial to gather the necessary documents to support your claim for maintenance and to consult with a qualified attorney who specializes in family law to ensure your rights are protected throughout the process. By being well-informed and prepared, you can approach spousal maintenance with clarity and confidence.

​Rule 43 Applications

Divorce proceedings can be a challenging and complex process, especially when it comes to issues of financial support and child custody. In South Africa, the legal system has provisions in place to address these matters on an interim basis through Rule 43 applications. In this comprehensive article, we will explore the key aspects of Rule 43 applications, including their purpose, the application process, and their impact on divorce proceedings.

Throughout this article, we will delve into the intricacies of Rule 43 applications, providing insights into their purpose, application process, and impact on divorce proceedings. It is important to note that divorce proceedings can vary based on individual circumstances, and seeking professional legal advice is crucial in navigating this complex terrain.

1. Introduction to Rule 43 Applications

1.1 The Purpose of Rule 43 Applications

When going through a divorce, certain issues cannot wait for the final divorce order. Rule 43 applications provide a mechanism for obtaining urgent interim relief in matters such as financial support and child custody. These applications are designed to address the immediate needs of parties involved in divorce proceedings and ensure a fair and equitable process.

1.2 Interim Maintenance and Financial Support

One of the primary purposes of Rule 43 applications is to secure interim maintenance for minor children and non-earning spouses. In cases where one party is no longer receiving a joint household income, interim maintenance can provide essential financial support during the divorce process. This may include covering expenses such as housing, education, medical costs, and legal fees.

1.3 Contribution to Legal Costs

Rule 43 applications also allow for a contribution to the legal costs of one party to ensure fair access to legal representation. This provision helps level the playing field, especially in situations where one party has greater financial resources than the other. The court will consider the financial circumstances of both parties to determine a reasonable contribution towards legal costs.

1.4 Interim Care and Contact of Minor Children

In cases involving minor children, Rule 43 applications can address issues related to interim care and contact. This ensures that the best interests of the children are protected during the divorce process. The court may grant an order regarding visitation rights, custody arrangements, and any other matters related to the welfare of the children.

2. Understanding the Rule 43 Application Process

2.1 Initiating a Rule 43 Application

To initiate a Rule 43 application, the party seeking interim relief, known as the Applicant, must complete an affidavit outlining their specific requests. This affidavit is then lodged with the court and served on the other party, known as the Respondent. The Respondent is given the opportunity to respond to the Applicant's affidavit, providing their own perspective and arguments.

2.2 Filing Affidavits and Serving the Other Party

Once the Respondent has prepared their response, it is served on the Applicant and filed with the court. This exchange of affidavits sets the stage for the argument and decision-making process. It is crucial for both parties to provide accurate and comprehensive information in their affidavits to ensure a fair and informed decision by the court.

2.3 Responding to a Rule 43 Application

The Respondent's response to the Applicant's affidavit should address the specific claims made in the application and provide any relevant evidence or counterarguments. This stage allows both parties to present their perspectives and provide the court with a comprehensive view of the situation. It is important to consult with legal professionals to ensure a strong and effective response.

2.4 Argument and the Court's Decision

After the completion of the affidavit exchange, the court will schedule a hearing where both parties can present their arguments and evidence. The court will consider the financial circumstances of the parties, the needs of minor children, and any other relevant factors in making its decision. It is essential to be well-prepared and present a compelling case during the argument stage.

3. The Impact of Rule 43 Applications on Divorce Proceedings

3.1 The Importance of Interim Orders

Interim orders obtained through Rule 43 applications can have a significant impact on the course of divorce proceedings. These orders provide temporary relief and set the tone for subsequent negotiations and discussions. They can influence the ultimate settlement and may establish precedents that impact the final outcome of the divorce.

3.2 Establishing Precedents and Influencing Negotiations

Rule 43 orders, although intended to be temporary, can shape the direction of negotiations between the parties. The terms of the interim maintenance order, for example, may influence the fairness of the eventual settlement. It is important to carefully consider the implications of Rule 43 orders and their potential impact on the overall outcome of the divorce.

3.3 Potential Challenges and Unfairness

While Rule 43 orders provide essential interim relief, they can also present challenges and potential unfairness. Due to their expedited nature, these orders may not always fully consider the complexities of the situation or the long-term financial implications. It is important to approach Rule 43 applications with caution and seek professional advice to mitigate any potential adverse outcomes.

3.4 The Non-Appealable Nature of Rule 43 Orders

Rule 43 orders are non-appealable, meaning that they cannot be challenged or appealed once they are granted. This is due to the urgent and interim nature of these orders, which aim to provide immediate relief to parties involved in divorce proceedings. While this lack of appeal rights may raise concerns, it ensures a speedy and efficient resolution of urgent matters.

4. Rule 43 Applications and Modern Relationships

4.1 Changing Dynamics and Financial Considerations

In modern relationships, the dynamics of financial support and earning capacity have evolved. It is no longer uncommon for both spouses to be working and for women to be the primary earners. This shift in financial dynamics adds complexity to the process of divorce and may lead to Rule 43 applications to address interim maintenance and financial support.

4.2 Same-Sex Marriages and Rule 43 Applications

Same-sex marriages are recognized and protected under South African law. As such, Rule 43 applications can be utilized by parties in same-sex marriages to seek interim relief, including maintenance and custody arrangements. The court will consider the unique circumstances of same-sex marriages and ensure the best interests of the children involved.

4.3 Complex Financial Affairs and Business Interests

In some divorce cases, the financial affairs of one or both parties may be intertwined with family trusts or businesses, both in South Africa and offshore. These complex financial arrangements add layers of complexity to Rule 43 applications, as the court must carefully consider the financial implications and potential unfair advantages or disadvantages.

5. Rule 43 Applications and Parental Rights

5.1 Safeguarding Children's Best Interests

The primary consideration of the court in Rule 43 applications related to children is the best interests of the children involved. The court acts as the upper guardian and ensures that the children's rights and welfare are protected. This includes addressing issues of custody, care, and contact, and ensuring that the children's needs are met during the divorce process.

5.2 Addressing Access and Custody Issues

Rule 43 applications provide a mechanism for addressing access and custody issues on an interim basis. This allows for the establishment of temporary parenting plans and visitation schedules to ensure that children have ongoing contact with both parents. The court will consider the specific circumstances and needs of the children when making decisions regarding access and custody.

5.3 The Role of the Children's Act 38 of 2005

Rule 43 applications are guided by the principles and provisions of the Children's Act 38 of 2005. This legislation emphasizes the best interests of the child and provides a framework for addressing matters related to children in divorce proceedings. The Act ensures that the rights and welfare of children are protected throughout the divorce process.

6. Situations Where Rule 43 Orders Can be Modified

6.1 Changing Circumstances and Amending Orders

Rule 43 orders are not set in stone and can be modified if there are substantial changes in the parties' circumstances. If there is a significant change in financial resources, living arrangements, or any other relevant factors, the affected party can approach the court to amend the existing order. This allows for flexibility and ensures that the orders remain fair and equitable.

6.2 Seeking Fairness and Equity in Maintenance and Legal Costs

The court aims to provide fair and equitable outcomes in Rule 43 applications. If a party believes that the existing order is unfair or does not adequately address their needs, they can seek a variation to ensure that the order aligns with their current circumstances. It is crucial to consult with legal professionals to navigate the process effectively and protect one's rights.

7. Recent Developments and Case Law

7.1 Constitutional Challenges to Rule 43 Orders

The constitutionality of Rule 43 orders has been the subject of recent legal challenges. Some parties argue that the inability to appeal these orders violates the best interests of the child principle and the right to equality and access to courts. However, the courts have upheld the non-appealable nature of Rule 43 orders, emphasizing the importance of providing immediate relief for women and children.

7.2 The Ruling of the Constitutional Court

In a recent ruling, the Constitutional Court upheld the non-appealable nature of Rule 43 orders. The court recognized the importance of providing a speedy and inexpensive remedy for women and children in need. While there were hints that the constitutionality of Rule 43 itself may be challenged in the future, for now, the prohibition against appeal remains in place.

8. Conclusion and Expert Advice
​
Navigating the complexities of Rule 43 applications can be challenging, especially during the emotionally charged process of divorce. Seeking professional legal advice is crucial to ensure that your rights and interests are protected. By understanding the purpose, process, and impact of Rule 43 applications, you can effectively advocate for your needs and secure the best possible outcome for yourself and your children.

MN v SN (10540-16) [2020] ZAWCHC 157 (13 November 2020) 
Court: Western Cape Division, Cape Town
Case No: 10540/16
Date heard: 2 November 2020
Delivered: 13 November 2020
Judge: Rogers, J

HEAD NOTE 

Contempt of court – Where the husband breached a rule 43 order – The court recognized that the business that he worked for had experienced financial hardships due to covid – The husband did not earn a salary during some months – Despite the fact that he co-owned a fully paid house with his new partner well worth R3,5 million – It was held that he could not be expected to
force her to agree to sell a portion of the house – It was held that his contempt was not intentional and mala fide.

SUMMARY

The wife (applicant) wanted to hold her husband (the respondent) in contempt for violating a rule 43 order that was reached by agreement between the parties. It was common cause that the husband knew about the order and its provisions. The only thing that had to be decided was whether he transgressed the order willfully and with mala fides. If not, then he could not be found in contempt. (See Fakie No v CCII Systems (Pty) Ltd 2006 (4) SA 326 (SCA) para 14.

The matter was enrolled on the urgent court roll. Nevertheless, the parties had it postponed twice by agreement even though it was ready for hearing. The respondent contended that the court ought to strike the matter off the roll for lack of urgency on that basis. The court turned down his arguments. It was held that contempt proceedings are urgent by their nature simply because the vindication of the court’s authority is at stake (See Protea Holdings Ltd v Wriwt & another 1978 (3) SA 865 (W) at 868B-869A).

It was also reasoned that they are especially urgent mainly because it is often women and children who are in the care of the breached orders.

A technical argument for non-compliance with Rule 41A was also raised. This new rule calls for parties to try and mediate before coming court. The court refused the argument considering the legal representatives for the respondent did not persist on mediation throughout the exchange of the various notices. It was argued that there was a verbal agreement in which the parties consented that the husband would temporarily stop paying money for the domestic worker. A recording was made available as evidence, but the court found that the only impression drawn from the recording was that the husband was manipulative. The wife replied to his statements, spontaneously and emotionally.

Counsel for the husband also attempted to bring arguments based on set-off, as the wife owed some money to the husband’s family business. But the court found that an obligation to pay maintenance in respect of a wife and children is not susceptible to set-off (See Tregonong v Tregonong 1914 WLD 93, and Hodges v Coubrough NO 1990 (3) SA 58 (D) at 65A-B). Before concluding, the court observed that the family business encountered some severe financial difficulties due to COVID.

The husband used to own interests in the family business but was compelled to dispose of
them because of extensive borrowings from the company. Recently, there were some months in which he did not get a salary at all, and in other months he received TERS payment of around R6000,00. Even though he co-owned a R3,5 million property that was completely paid with his new partner, the court found it was unrealistic to have expected him to force his partner to agree to sell a portion of the house.

In summary, it was held that the husband could not be found in contempt. The costs of the suit were reserved for determination in the divorce trial.

​The increased use of Information and Communication Technology in the past ten years has added to the increase of a new form of Gender-Based Violence. Because of to the increasing use of technology and the internet, women are more susceptible than ever to abuse and violence. Women encounter several forms of technology-related violence such as non-consensual intimate images commonly known as “revenge pornography”, doxxing, extortion, bullying, stalking, and sexual harassment. The degree to which women are violated online is not known since most cases go unreported. Research conducted by WOUGNET on technology-related violence against women in 3 peri-urban districts of Uganda revealed that 74% of respondents might report technology-related violence against women to the police, 2% to social media owners, parents, or local leaders, 9% to the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology, and 11% said they wouldn’t know where to report. 65% of respondents were women, while 35% were men.

The world of divorce can be a dirty and terrifying place and as soon as the love is lost, it can develop into a dirty fight. Revenge porn is the act of posting private or sexual photos or videos of a person, usually an ex-partner, without their consent. Individuals who engage in this conduct do so with the intention to humiliate and threaten the victim, but what happens when the person leaking your photographs is your former spouse? Revenge porn in divorce cases is a increasing issue in family law that we are witnessing more frequently, and people must be mindful of the consequences one may deal with if you indulge in the act. Unfortunately, a divorce can generate much resentment in an already overwhelming process, and spreading images as revenge porn during the course of divorce proceedings is a contemporary addition to the many intimidating and spiteful actions many people may choose to take. Revenge pornography fundamentally deals about stalking or misusing personal and private data. It is the distribution of sexually explicit images or videos without their consent. It is also a domestic violence against women. The objective of the perpetrator is to shame the victim, to disturb them or even as a vengeance. Although both men and women could possibly be victims, women are exceptionally becoming the targets. In most cases, it is women who consensually share their nude images and videos to the person they are in love with which becomes a self-trap for themselves. 

Nearly one in ten Brits have had their naked pictures or videos shared without their permission, new research has shown. The vast majority of victims, 81 percent, stated they knew who the culprit was, with one in three being their ex-partners in an act of ‘revenge porn’. Nearly one in five (17 percent) stated the crime was committed by a ‘friend.’

The vast majority of the victims had been women who said the material was used as a form of coercion or control, with one half of victims being threatened prior to the image was released.

Attempts were made to extort them beforehand by demanding money, threatening to show the images to family or friends or attempting to control them or force them back into a relationship after a separation.

Motivated by vengeance, ex-spouses have been known to withhold kids from their former partner, alienate kids from the other parent and even cause the court process to go on for longer so that their former partner has to spend more money.

Social Media has the power of distributing the news and information both in positive or negative ways. It acts not only as a tool for communicating but also as a platform for exchanging and sharing information. Thus, the very first source for revenge porn to become viral is social media. If social media is under control, then the problems of revenge porn will be decreased to a great extent. Revenge porn begin with cyberbullying. The person who bullies will immediately circulate it in the social media as his next move. Companies such as Facebook, Twitter and Google have launched some steps they’re taking in order to fight the growing issue. According to NBC News, Facebook built a team of people to fight against the non-consensual posting of inappropriate pictures and videos. The company, which also owns Instagram, evaluates almost half a million revenge porn reports in order to rapidly remove the content. Facebook also uses artificial intelligence to identify the images. In 2015, Twitter modified its rules pertaining to revenge porn on its platform, saying that users may not post intimate pictures or videos without the subject’s approval. The platform also enables users to report tweets that may include inappropriate content. The same year, Google took a stand against the issue, saying it would honor any demands made to eliminate intimate pictures or videos of their search results. 

South Africa's current criminal law remedies provide a charge of crimen injuria, criminal defamation, or even extortion, whilst civil remedies incorporate damages for defamation or an interdict based on a infringement of copyright (where the victim took the photograph themselves). Revenge porn is defined by the Film and Publication Bill of 2015, as the sharing or distribution of any nude or sexually explicit material without permission or consent with the express purpose of humiliating the victim or to make a profit. The Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 (POPI) provides victims of revenge pornography the relief to initiate a civil claim for damages against a perpetrator. Section 99(1) of POPI expressly allows a victim the right to claim non-patrimonial damages against the responsible party. The accused can be charged with the intentional distribution of private sexual photographs or films without the prior consent of the individual and/or distributing the sexual photos and films to cause harm and emotional distress to the victim. If the perpetrator is convicted of any of these charges, he/she can be sentenced to a maximum sentence of two years or a fine of up to R 150 000.00. If the victim is identified by being named or the footage is not blurred, this sentence can increase to a maximum of four years in prison or a fine of up to R 300 000.00

The Protection from Harassment Act 17 of 2011 also allows a victim of revenge pornography to apply for a protection order, which in turn is paired with a suspended warrant of arrest.